EXTENT(9)

NAME
extent_create, extent_destroy, extent_alloc, extent_alloc_with_descr, extent_alloc_subregion, extent_alloc_subregion_with_descr, extent_alloc_region, extent_free, extent_print - general purpose extent manager

SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/extent.h>
struct extent *
extent_create(char *name, u_long start, u_long end, int mtype, caddr_t storage, size_t storagesize, int flags);
void
extent_destroy(struct extent *ex);
int
extent_alloc(struct extent *ex, u_long size, u_long alignment, u_long skew, u_long boundary, int flags, u_long *result);
int
extent_alloc_with_descr(struct extent *ex, u_long size, u_long alignment, u_long skew, u_long boundary, int flags, struct extent_region *rp, u_long *result);
int
extent_alloc_subregion(struct extent *ex, u_long substart, u_long subend, u_long size, u_long alignment, u_long skew, u_long boundary, int flags, u_long *result);
int
extent_alloc_subregion_with_descr(struct extent *ex, u_long substart, u_long subend, u_long size, u_long alignment, u_long skew, u_long boundary, int flags, struct extent_region *rp, u_long *result);
int
extent_alloc_region(struct extent *ex, u_long start, u_long size, int flags);
int
extent_free(struct extent *ex, u_long start, u_long size, int flags);
void
extent_print(struct extent *ex);

DESCRIPTION
The extent manager provides management of areas of memory or other enumerable spaces (such as I/O ports). An opaque structure called an extent map keeps track of allocated regions within the enumerable space.

extent_create() creates an extent map managing the space from start to end inclusive. All memory allocation will use the memory type mtype ( see malloc(9)). The extent map will have the name name, used for identification in case of errors or in ddb(4) show extents. If the flag EX_NOCOALESCE is set, internal coalescing of regions is disabled, and only entire regions may be freed within the extent map, so that extent_free() will never have to allocate a region descriptor. If the flag EX_FILLED is set, the entire space managed by the extent map will be allocated upon creation of the extent map, such that selected regions may be made available through calls to extent_free().

Some applications may want to use an extent map but can't use malloc() and free(). These applications may provide pre-allocated storage for all descriptor overhead with the arguments storage and storagesize. An extent of this type is called a fixed extent. If the application can safely use malloc() and free(), storage should be NULL. A fixed extent has a fixed number of region descriptors, so care should be taken to provide enough storage for them; alternatively, the flag EX_MALLOCOK may be passed to extent requests to indicate that a fixed extent map may be extended using a call to malloc(). Note that passing the flag EX_FILLED to extent_create() will consume a region descriptor upon creation of the extent map.

The caller should pass the flag EX_WAITOK or EX_NOWAIT to extent functions that have a memory overhead, to specify whether it is okay to wait. These functions are extent_create() (non fixed extents), extent_free() (unless EX_NOCOALESCE is set), extent_alloc(), extent_alloc_subregion() and extent_alloc_region().

extent_destroy() destroys the extent map ex, freeing all allocated regions. If the extent is not a fixed extent, the region and internal extent descriptors themselves are freed. This function always succeeds.

extent_alloc() allocates a region in the extent map ex of size size that fits the provided parameters. There are two distinct allocation policies, which are selected by the flags argument:

EX_FAST
    Allocate the first region that fits the provided parameters, regardless of resulting extent fragmentation.

default
    Allocate the smallest region that is capable of holding the request, thus minimizing fragmentation of the extent.

The caller may specify that it is okay to wait for space to become free in the extent by setting the flag EX_WAITSPACE. If EX_WAITSPACE is not set, the allocation will fail if the request cannot be satisfied without sleeping.

The request will be aligned to a multiple of alignment. That value must be a power of 2. If no alignment is necessary, the value EX_NOALIGN should be specified. If skew is non-zero, it modifies the requested alignment result in the following way: the value (result - skew) is aligned to alignment boundaries. skew must be a smaller number than alignment. If boundary is not EX_NOBOUNDARY, the allocated region will not cross any boundary lines, spaced boundary apart. If the caller specifies the EX_BOUNDZERO flag, boundary lines begin at zero. Otherwise, boundary lines begin at the beginning of the extent. The allocated region may begin on a boundary line, but the end of the region will not touch nor cross a boundary line. A boundary argument smaller than the sum of the requested skew and the size of the request is invalid. Upon successful completion, *result will contain the start of the allocated region.

extent_alloc_with_descr() is similar to extent_alloc() but allows the caller to provide a pre-allocated region descriptor instead of having the function allocate one. This function can only be used with extents that have the EX_NOCOALESCE property.

extent_alloc_subregion() and extent_alloc_subregion_with_descr() are generalized versions of extent_alloc() and extent_alloc_with_descr() that allow the caller to specify that the allocated region must fall within the subregion from substart to subend inclusive.

extent_alloc_region() allocates the specific region in the extent map ex beginning at start with the size size. If the caller specifies the EX_CONFLICTOK flag, the allocation will succeed even if part of the requested region has already been allocated. The caller may specify that it is okay to wait for the indicated region to be free by setting the flag EX_WAITSPACE. If neither EX_WAITSPACE nor EX_CONFLICTOK is set, the allocation will fail if the request cannot be satisfied without sleeping.

extent_free() frees a region of size bytes starting at start in the extent map ex. If the extent has the EX_NOCOALESCE property, only entire regions may be freed. If the extent has the EX_NOCOALESCE property and the caller attempts to free a partial region, behavior is undefined. If called on an extent without the EX_NOCOALESCE property, this function can fail with error codes listed below, otherwise this function will always succeed.

extent_print() Prints out information about extent ex. This function always succeeds.

RETURN VALUES
The behavior of all extent manager functions is undefined if given invalid arguments. extent_create() returns the extent map on success, or NULL if it fails to allocate storage for the extent map. It always succeeds when creating a fixed extent or when given the flag EX_WAITOK. extent_alloc(), extent_alloc_region(), extent_alloc_subregion(), and extent_free() return one of the following values:

0   Operation was successful.

ENOMEM
    If EX_NOWAIT is specified, the extent manager was not able to allocate a region descriptor for the new region or to split a region when freeing a partial region.

EAGAIN
    Requested region is not available and EX_WAITSPACE was not specified.

EINTR
    Process received a signal while waiting for the requested region to become available in the extent.

EXAMPLES
Here is an example of a (useless) function that uses several of the extent manager routines.

    void
    func()
    {
    	struct extent *foo_ex;
    	u_long region_start;
    	int error;
    	/*
    	 * Extent "foo" manages a 256k region starting at 0x0 and
    	 * only allows complete regions to be freed so that
    	 * extent_free() never needs to allocate memory.
    	 */
    	foo_ex = extent_create("foo", 0x0, 0x3ffff, M_DEVBUF,
    	    NULL, 0, EX_WAITOK | EX_NOCOALESCE);
    	/*
    	 * Allocate an 8k region, aligned to a 4k boundary, which
    	 * does not cross any of the 3 64k boundaries (at 64k,
    	 * 128k, and 192k) within the extent.
    	 */
    	error = extent_alloc(foo_ex, 0x2000, 0x1000, 0x10000,
    	    EX_NOWAIT, &region_start);
    	if (error)
    		panic("you lose");
    	/*
    	 * Give up the extent.
    	 */
    	extent_destroy(foo_ex);
    }

CODE REFERENCES
The extent manager itself is implemented within the file sys/kern/subr_extent.c.

The i386 bus management code uses the extent manager for managing I/O ports and I/O memory. See sys/arch/i386/i386/machdep.c.

SEE ALSO
ddb(4), malloc(9)

HISTORY
The extent manager appeared in NetBSD 1.3.

AUTHORS
-nosplit The extent manager was designed and implemented by Jason R. Thorpe <thorpej@NetBSD.ORG>. Matthias Drochner <drochner@zelux6.zel.kfa-juelich.de> contributed to the initial testing and optimization of the implementation. Chris Demetriou <cgd@NetBSD.ORG> contributed many architectural suggestions.